摘要：As the only way for air to enter the lungs,the trachea plays an indispensable role in conducting,cleaning,and humidifying ***,trauma,and congenital disease of the trachea are serious threats to patients[1].Local tracheal disease can be treated with a balloon or stent,but for extensive tracheal disease,tracheal reconstruction after surgical resection is the only treatment[2–4].However,the tension of the anastomotic site also increases with expansion of the resection range,which causes a series of complications,such as poor anastomotic healing,anastomotic fistulae,and tracheal rupture,and even life-threatening complications in severe cases[5].

摘要：Type 1 diabetes is caused by insulin deficiency due to the loss of beta cells in the islets of *** severe cases,islet transplantation into the portal vein is ***,due to the loss of transplanted islets and the failure of islet function,the 5-year insulin independence rate of these patients is<50%.In this study,we developed a long-term,insulin-secreting,3 Dbioprinted construct implanted subcutaneously with the aim of preventing islet *** bioprinted construct was fabricated by the multi-layer bioprinting of beta-cell(mouse insulinoma-6:MIN-6)-encapsulated alginate bioink and poly(caprolactone)biodegradable polymer.A glucose response assay revealed that the bioprinted constructs proliferated and released insulin normally during the 4-week in vitro *** MIN-6 generated clusters with a diameter of 100-200μm,similar to the original pancreatic islets in the *** an in vivo study using type 1 diabetes mice,animals implanted with bioprinted constructs showed three times higher insulin secretion and controlled glucose levels at 8 weeks after *** the implanted,bioprinted constructs had a positive effect on insulin secretion in the experimental animals,the survival rate of the implanted group(75%)was three times higher than that of the non-implanted group(25%).The results suggest that the proposed,3 D-bioprinted,subcutaneous construct can be a better alternative to portal vein islet transplantation.

摘要：背景:土耳其伊斯坦布尔胸部疾病中心。目的:通过降低结核菌素皮试(TST)、QuantiFERON-TB Gold(QFT)和G *** (T-SPOT)试验的临界值,可能会提高基于γ干扰素检测试验在诊断结核上的准确性。设计:对100例未进行过治疗的培养阳性空洞型结核病人及47例健康志愿者进行对照研究,从而评估在不同临界值时,TST、QFT、T-SPOT试验的诊断效力差异。结果:各试验的敏感性分别为:TST 70%, QFT 78%,T-SPOT 83.5%,特异性分别为TST 35%,QFT 89.4%,T-SPOT 84.8%,QFT和T- SPOT的特异性都明显高于FST(P值都<0.001),但QFT和T-SPOT特异性相近(P= 0.05)。受试者工作特征曲线分析表明,当QFT临界值为0.818IU/ml时,特异性最高,敏感性没有明显降低,而降低QFT和T-SPOT的临界值时,也提高了试验的敏感性,特异性却明显降低。结论:降低TST、QFT、T-SPOT的临界值可以增加相应试验的敏感性,但只有QFT的特异性能够保持不变。

摘要：流感病毒和新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)是近年来频繁引发呼吸道疾病的主要病原,其引起的黏膜免疫应答对于病毒的控制和清除至关重要.目前对于SARS-CoV-2感染后肺部黏膜免疫应答的具体调控机制及其与流感感染的区别尚不清楚我们通过原位杂交-多重免疫荧光染色技术及空间转录组学揭示了流感病毒和SARS-CoV-2感染过程中局部免疫应答的动态变化过程,并发现相比于流感病毒感染,SARS-CoV-2感染早期肺部黏膜会更加快速地形成诱导性支气管相关淋巴组织(iBALT)结构并活化B1细胞产生较高水平IgM和IgA,可能在抗病毒感染及iBALT的形成中发挥重要作用.同时,SARS-CoV-2及表达其S蛋白的假病毒感染均能够促进小鼠和人的B1细胞的活化.将表达S蛋白的腺病毒疫苗AdC7-S对小鼠进行免疫后,可以成功诱导出包含B1细胞的iBALT,并在病毒感染中发挥保护作用.本研究揭示了呼吸道病毒引起的肺脏黏膜免疫动态应答过程,并阐明了SARS-CoV-2感染早期B1细胞的活化特点及免疫保护作用,为揭示新发呼吸道传染病的保护性应答机制及疫苗设计提供了理论基础.

摘要：Long-segment defects remain a major problem in clinical treatment of tubular tissue *** design of tubular scaffold with desired structure and functional properties suitable for tubular tissue regeneration remains a great challenge in regenerative ***,we present a reliable method to rapidly fabricate tissueengineered tubular scaffold with hierarchical structure via 4-axis printing *** fabrication process can be adapted to various biomaterials including hydrogels,thermoplastic materials and thermosetting *** polycaprolactone(PCL)as an example,we successfully fabricated the scaffolds with tunable tubular architecture,controllable mesh structure,radial elasticity,good flexibility,and luminal *** a preliminary demonstration of the applications of this technology,we prepared a hybrid tubular scaffold via the combination of the 4-axis printed elastic poly(glycerol sebacate)(PGS)bio-spring and electrospun gelatin *** scaffolds seeded with chondrocytes formed tubular mature cartilage-like tissue both via in vitro culture and subcutaneous implantation in the nude mouse,which showed great potential for tracheal cartilage reconstruction.

摘要：早期肺癌患者的治疗是以治愈为目标的。针对手术可切除性和可操作性的多学科讨论模式决定了最终的局部治疗方式(手术或放疗)和相关的系统性治疗方案,从而进一步提高患者治愈的可能性。研究证据支持以顺铂为基础的辅助化疗用于切除术后,或与放疗同步使用。共识指南支持以新辅助化疗代替辅助化疗,并支持对不符合顺铂治疗条件的患者采用基于卡铂的治疗方案。由于研究设计效率低下,需要长时间随访来评估生存终点以及对晚期疾病的持续关注,将新药物(现在是IV期肺癌患者的标准药物)纳入以治愈为目标的治疗范式的工作一直滞后。目前正在研究中的替代性终点(例如病理缓解)将可能缩短研究的时间。2018年,抗程序性死亡配体(programmed cell death ligand 1,PD-L1)抗体度伐利尤单抗获批用于治疗同步放、化疗后的Ⅲ期肺癌患者,自那时起,针对早期肺癌患者的靶向治疗和免疫治疗的研究迅速发展。在本篇综述中,我们介绍了对于目前早期肺癌患者治疗方案的考虑因素,探讨并展望非转移性肺癌系统性治疗的临床研究现状和未来。

摘要：背景:澳大利亚维多利亚州。目的:对1991年向国家登记处报告的所有活动性结核病病人调查坐失预防良机的原因并检查与病案管理有关预防方面的情况。设计:属描述性调查。对维多利亚州已于1991年报告的231/236例的病案记录进行回顾。对所有病例的既往结核病筛检、预防性治疗、活动性结核病处置以及随访等项记录进行追索。既往筛检的定义是指既往接触者筛检、移民筛检、难民筛检以及结核病健康检查。结果:231例中13人未确诊有结核病。其余的218人中,78％在国外出生,其中约一半在来澳大利亚3年内被诊断有结核病。在218名病人中约一半(97人)可查到结核病既往筛检的某些记录表格。最常见的筛检类型是难民和移民筛检(45/218,21％)其次是结核病健康检查(25/218,12％)以及接触者筛检(15/218,7％)。在有既往筛检记录者中,70％(68/97)当时的筛检为阳性结果。其中,首次筛检确诊为活动性结核病者为5/68,确诊有结核感染者为63/68。后一组中仅5％(3/63)接受过预防性治疗。结论:维多利亚州存在着明显地坐失预防结核病良机的情况,尤其对入境时接受过筛检的国外出生者更是如此。筛检是一项有意义的做法,并在有医学适应征时应进行预防性治疗。