摘要：The long atmospheric residence time of CO2 creates an urgent need to add atmospheric carbon drawdown to CO2 regulatory *** and systems biology(SSB),which enables manipulation of cellular phenotypes,offers a powerful approach to amplifying and adding new possibilities to current land management practices aimed at reducing atmospheric *** participants(in attendance:Christina Agapakis,George Annas,Adam Arkin,George Church,Robert Cook-Deegan,Charles DeLisi,Dan Drell,Sheldon Glashow,Steve Hamburg,Henry Jacoby,Henry Kelly,Mark Kon,Todd Kuiken,Mary Lidstrom,Mike MacCracken,June Medford,Jerry Melillo,Ron Milo,Pilar Ossorio,Ari Patrinos,Keith Paustian,Kristala Jones Prather,Kent Redford,David Resnik,John Reilly,Richard ***,Daniel Segre,Susan Solomon,Elizabeth Strychalski,Chris Voigt,Dominic Woolf,Stan Wullschleger,and Xiaohan Yang)identified a range of possibilities by which SSB might help reduce greenhouse gas concentrations and which might also contribute to environmental sustainability and *** include,among other possibilities,engineering plants to convert CO2 produced by respiration into a stable carbonate,designing plants with an increased root-to-shoot ratio,and creating plants with the ability to self-fertilize.A number of serious ecological and societal challenges must,however,be confronted and resolved before any such application can be fully assessed,realized,and deployed.

摘要：美国率先建立的国家环境空气质量标准(NAAQS)旨在保护公众健康,而该理念已被包括中国在内的众多国家所采用。针对大气悬浮颗粒物(PM),NAAQS根据PM在仪器检测以及人体吸入时的粒径选择性特征,定义了总悬浮颗粒(TSP)、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)及其相应的质量浓度标准。这些指标的建立是基于长达300年来颗粒物监测技术发展及其危害评价的结果。因此2012年中国在颁布实施新PM_(2.5)空气质量标准时,PM_(2.5)的监测及评价方面有了更多科学积累与技术选择。本文简要回顾了PM的粒径分布、化学组成、可吸入特征、人体健康效应及空气质量标准等研究简史,根据其他国家的发展经验,提出中国在观测网络设计、测量仪器选择和使用、质量控制和质量保证及监测结果分析等方面需要确立自己独特的行业指南。对于未来空气质量的管理和标准制定,应同时考虑多种污染物及其对公众健康、能见度、气候、材料及生态系统的影响。