摘要：Many problems with underlying variational structure involve a coupling of volume with surface effects.A straight-forward approach in a finite element discretiza- tion is to make use of the surface triangulation that is naturally induced by the volume *** an adaptive method one wants to facilitate'matching'local mesh modifications,i.e.,local refinement and/or coarsening,of volume and surface mesh with standard tools such that the surface grid is always induced by the volume grid. We describe the concepts behind this approach for bisectional refinement and describe new tools incorporated in the finite element toolbox *** also present several important applications of the mesh coupling.

摘要：The number of products used as agro-chemicals, food additives, flavors, aromas, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals which are made by fermentation or extraction from plants has increased significantly. Despite this growth, initial predictions for a potential product purification process for these complex mixtures remains entirely experimentally based. The present work represents an initial study to demonstrate the benefits of a systematic approach. For process development of chemically well-studied systems model based process design methods are already available. Therefore the proposed approach focuses on a method for the efficient characterization of the physical properties of the key components. Once this is adequately defined, unit operations and their potential to separate the feed components can be modeled. The current state of research is discussed. Based on this evaluation the most efficient method for conceptual process development has been identified and further developed. The resulting methodology consists of model-based cost accounting accompanied by experimental model-parameter determination. The latter is carried out at in miniaturized laboratory-scale measurement cells for each unit operation using the complete original feed. The model-based modelparameter determination from these experiments is accompanied by a comprehensive error analysis. The experimental plan currently includes the determination of thermodynamic equilibrium conditions in the mixture directly from the raw material mixture. Transport kinetics and fluid dynamic parameters are first estimated from known correlations or preexisting knowledge. Later on these parameters are determined exactly in mini-plant experiments. Furthermore, biological and botanical-based guidelines are developed to identify thermodynamically favored basic operations. Finally, the developed approaches are successfully validated using two plant extracts. Firstly, it could be proven that the botanical pre-selection ca

摘要：本文阐述了将过滤器用在垂直分型铸型中的原理，如用在Disamatic造型当中。同时简要介绍了垂直分型和水平分型铸型的区别，用一种简单的方法把迪沙铸型分为三类，并讨论了不同的内浇道位置对过滤效果的影响。给出了计算垂直分型浇注系统的最小或阻流面积的简单方法，分析了过滤器在铸型中的最佳位置。设计了用于Disamatic过滤器的草图，对于过滤器的安装和用后处理具有指导作用。

摘要：本主研究火焰共振检测器在原子吸收光谱法中的应用,设计了分别以线性光源火焰共振光谱及连续光源火焰共振光谱为基础的两种简单廉价原子吸收光谱仪。本文也研究了仪器的光学特性、操作条件,可检测性及样品的分析。