摘要：Pre-modern Chinese crafts,such as iron smelting,cookery,medicine,and the production of vehicles,bows,and arrows indicate the traditional Chinese view of technology as being organic,holistic,and *** view of technology is guided by the concept of he(和)and employs the means and methods of he,thus achieving the purport of *** Chinese,the character he(和)possesses positive *** originated from the meaning of"to season;to add flavoring to"(调和)and that of flavors being"perfectly harmonious"(和美).From this sensory experience,he gradually extended to the abstract levels of materiality,humanity,sociality,"order"(wei位),and "power,situation,force"(shi势).Finally,he was elevated to the supreme level of"qi of great harmony"(taihe zhi qi太和之气),which is comparable to the concept of dao(道).The philosophy of he has exerted wide impact on such areas as technology,art,national character,cultural psychology,and behavior patterns,and has become an integral part of China's inherent *** paradoxes and deviations of he hold their own profound philosophical implications that merit further *** humanity confronts significant challenges,such as how we can coexist with others,with technology,and with nature,the ancient Eastern wisdom embodied in he continues to possess practical characteristics and value.

摘要：In 1866, after the Opium Wars, the Chinese official Zuo Zongtang established the Foochow Navy Yard, which aimed to facilitate the independent construction of modern warships. French advisers, engineers, teachers, and craftsmen were hired, and a series of French schools for naval construction, drawing, and apprenticeship were set up. Previous studies have nearly exhausted the historical material on the Foochow Navy Yard, but few of them give an exact evaluation on its shipbuilding and educational levels. This paper traces the French sources on the shipbuilding technology and educational system at the Foochow Navy Yard and conducts a comparative study. With the guidance and assistance of foreigners, the Foochow Navy Yard gained the ability to assemble ships and imitate engines, while it remained necessary to import design drawings and structural components. The most outstanding students that the navy yard nurtured may have reached the level of école Polytechnique graduates, but the quality of students was hard to maintain. The backwardness of its conceptualization and the lack of financial and political support also contributed to its decline.

摘要：V-2 technology was transferred from Germany to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR)and then on to *** USSR imitated the captured German V-2 rocket,and independently developed the ***,China imitated the R-2 rocket provided by the USSR,and independently developed the Dong Feng-2(DF-2).The imitation or localization of foreign products is a key stage prior to independent *** development of new models,in turn,is not only indicative of an upgrading of the transferred technology and the mastering of foreign technology,but also an illustration of *** is the crucial resource on which technology transfer *** administrative system and domestic collaboration network required to coordinate the necessary tasks,including research,experimentation,design,and manufacture were established both in the USSR and in China.