摘要：稀土元素(REEs)作为现代高科技产业发展的关键原材料,在多个前沿领域具有广泛应用.然而,由于稀土元素分布相对分散,其提取往往伴随着环境退化.此外,稀土元素的相似化学性质导致了分离过程中的高能耗和过度污染排放.为了实现稀土的绿色发展和高效资源利用,通过合成生物学技术构建了工程稀土微生物.此外,我们建立了工程稀土微生物合成平台,实现了原位合成高附加值的稀土生物材料,推动了临床转化研究和应用的进展.本文综述了稀土微生物的合理设计、高价值稀土生物材料的合成及其应用.最后,简要讨论了该领域的未来研究和发展前景.

摘要：Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)are considered ideal energy‐conversion devices because of their environmentally friendly nature and high theoretical energy ***,cathodic polarization,which is a result of the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)kinetics,is a significant source of energy loss and reduces fuel cell ***,the need to use Pt in commercial Pt/C cathodes has restricted their large‐scale application in fuel cells because of its high cost and poor ***,improvements in the activity and durability of Pt‐based catalyst are required to reduce the amount of Pt required and,thus,costs,while increasing the ORR rate and fuel cell power density and promoting widespread PEMFC *** recent years,atomically ordered Pt‐based intermetallic nanocrystals have received tremendous attention owing to their excellent activity and stability for the ***,in this review,we first introduce the formation of intermetallic compounds from the perspective of thermodynamics and kinetics to lay a theoretical foundation for the design of these *** addition,optimization strategies for Pt‐based ordered intermetallic catalysts are summarized in terms of the catalyst composition,size,and ***,we conclude with a discussion of the current challenges and future prospects of Pt‐based ordered *** review is designed to help readers gain insights into the recent developments in and rational design of Pt‐based intermetallic nanocrystals for the ORR and encourage research that will enable the commercialization of PEMFCs.

摘要：Carbon dioxide emissions have increased due to the consumption of fossil fuels,making the neutralization and utilization of CO_(2) a pressing *** a clean and efficient energy conversion process,electrocatalytic reduction can reduce carbon dioxide into a series of alcohols and acidic organic molecules,which can effectively realize the utilization and transformation of carbon *** review focuses on the tuning strategies and structure effects of catalysts for the electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR).The tuning strategies for the active sites of catalysts have been reviewed from intrinsic and external *** structure effects for the CO_(2)RR catalysts have also been discussed,such as tandem catalysis,synergistic effects and confinement *** expect that this review about tuning strategies and structure effects can provide guidance for designing highly efficient CO_(2)RR electrocatalysts.

摘要：Nickel(Ni)-based materials act as one of the most promising candidates as platinum-group-metal-free(PGM-free)electrocatalysts for hydrogen oxidation reaction(HOR)in alkaline ***,the electrocatalytic activity of pure Ni is significantly limited due to the sluggish kinetics under alkaline *** accelerate the kinetics,constructing heterostructures and nitride structures have been developed as two representative ***,we combined the two methods and presented a facile synthesis of the sheet-like Ni_(3)N/MoO_(2)in-plane heterostructures for enhanced HOR in alkaline *** to Ni or Ni_(3)N,the Ni_(3)N/MoO_(2)in-plane heterostructures exhibited a significantly increased mass activity by 8.6-fold or 4.4-fold,*** studies revealed that the enhanced activity of Ni_(3)N/MoO_(2)could be attributed to the weakened hydrogen adsorption and strengthened hydroxyl *** work provides a facile approach to design high-efficiency catalysts for hydrogen-oxidation catalysis and beyond.

摘要：Solar‐driven conversion of carbon dioxide,water and nitrogen into high value‐added fuels(e.g.H_(2),CO,CH_(4),CH_(3)OH,NH_(3) and so on)is regarded as an environmental‐friendly and ideal route for relieving the greenhouse gas effect and countering energy crisis,which is an attractive and challenging ***,various types of photocatalysts have been developed successively to meet the requirements of these *** them,cobalt‐based heterogeneous catalysts emerge as one of the most promising photocatalysts that open up alluring vistas in the field of solar‐to‐fuels conversion,which can effectively enhance photocatalytic efficiency by extending light absorption range,promoting charge separation,providing active sites,and lowering reaction *** this review,we first present the working principles of cobalt‐based heterogeneous catalysts for photocatalytic water splitting,CO_(2) reduction,and N_(2) ***,five efficient strategies including surface modification,morphology modulation,crystallinity controlling,crystal engineering and doping,are discussed for improving the photocatalytic performance with different types cobalt‐based catalysts(cobalt nanoparticles and single atom,oxides,sulfides,phosphides,MOFs,COFs,LDHs,carbide,and nitrides).Third,we outline the applications for the state‐of‐the‐art photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction and water splitting,and nitrogen fixation over cobalt‐based heterogeneous ***,the central challenges and possible improvements of cobalt‐based photocatalysis in the future are *** purpose of this review is to summarize the past experience and lessons,and provide reference for the further development of cobalt‐based photocatalysis technology.

摘要：Rational design of low‐cost and efficient electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation reaction(EOR)is imperative for electrocatalytic ethanol fuel *** this work,we developed a copper‐doped nickel oxyhydroxide(Cu‐doped NiOOH)catalyst via in situ electrochemical reconstruction of a NiCu *** introduction of Cu dopants increases the specific surface area and more defect sites,as well as forms high‐valence Ni *** Cu‐doped NiOOH electrocatalyst exhibited an excellent EOR performance with a peak current density of 227 mA·cm^(–2)at 1.72 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode,high Faradic efficiencies for acetate production(>98%),and excellent electrochemical *** work suggests an attractive route of designing non‐noble metal based electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation.

摘要：Learning from nature photosynthesis,the development of efficient artificial catalysts for water oxidation is an ongoing ***,a lamellar cobalt oxide(CoO),black phosphorus(BP)and reduced graphene oxide(RGO)hybrid electrocatalyst is *** domains are anchored on RGO and coated with CoO via P–O *** widespread P–O bond network constitutes the proton acceptor and forms a proton exit channel,akin to the use of Asp61 in Photosystem II(PSII).The innermost kernel layer RGO serves as the current collector and forms an electron exit channel,mimicking the function of Tyr161 for charge *** outermost encapsulation CoO layer acts as water oxidation catalyst(WOC).These biology‐inspired features endow an outstanding OER performance of the hybrid material with a low overpotential of 206 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2).This work provides a new design guide for OER electrocatalysts through constructing two specialized channels for proton and electron transfer.

摘要：Antibacterial nanoagents with broad-spectrum antibacterial activities have emerged as an evolution of ***,their bacteria-capturing capability and bacteria-killing efficiency remain insufficient for commercial *** by the hunting behavior of spiders,here,a novel spiderweb-like nanoagent based on silver-adenine nanowires is designed to achieve high-efficiency capture and killing of *** virtue of the initiative bacteriacapturing functionality,this spiderweb-like nanoagent could effectively attract and trap bacteria through electrostatic interaction and its reticular morphology ***,its synergetic antibacterial mechanism combining physical membranolysis with reactive oxygen species(ROS)release allows such nanoagent to harvest a promoted bactericidal ***,the woundplast employing the spiderweblike nanoagent exhibits a superior antibacterial efficacy against drug-resistant Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus compared with commercially available *** work may pave a new way for rational design of new generation bactericidal agents facing the future super-bacteria booming.

摘要：The electrocarboxylation reaction is an attractive means to convert CO_(2) into valuable chemicals under ambient conditions,while it still suffers from low efficiency due to the high stability of CO_(2).In this work,we report a double activation strategy for simultaneously activating CO_(2) and acetophenone by silver-doped CeO_(2)(Ag-CeO_(2)) nanowires,featuring as an effective electrocatalyst for electrocarboxylation of acetophenone with CO_(2).Compared to the Ag foil,Ag nanoparticles and CeO_(2) nanowires,the Ag-CeO_(2)nanowire catalyst allowed to reduce the onset potential difference between CO_(2) and acetophenone activation,thus enabling efficient electrocarboxylation to form 2-phenyllactic *** Faradaic efficiency for producing 2-phenyllactic acid reached 91%at−1.8 V versus Ag/*** double activation strategy of activating both CO_(2)and organic substrate molecules can benefit the catalyst design to improve activities and selectivities in upgrading CO_(2)fixation for higher-value electrocarboxylation.

摘要：For the chip integration of MEMS(micro-electromechanical system) safety and arming device, a miniature detonator needs to be developed to reduce the weight and volume of explosive train. A Si-based micro-detonator is designed and fabricated, which meets the requirement of MEMS safety and arming device. The firing sensitivity of micro-detonator is tested according to GJB/z377A-94 sensitivity test methods:Langlie. The function time of micro-detonator is measured using wire probe and photoelectric transducer. The result shows the average firing voltage is 6.4 V when the discharge capacitance of firing electro-circuit is 33 mF. And the average function time is 5.48 ms. The firing energy actually utilized by Si-based micro-detonator is explored.