摘要：Wide hybridization and chromosome engineering constitute an active and important area of plant biology research. The insights obtained in this field have contributed significantly to the understanding of the structure and function of plant chromosomes and genomes, and to the genetic improvement of many agricultural crops. Owing to well defined genomic relationships, clearly visible metaphase chromosomes, and relatively high interspecific and intergeneric crossability, wheat and related Triticeae species form ideal experimental systems for conducting wide hybridization and chromosome engineering studies （Sears, 1972, 1981; Singh and Jauhar, 2006）. Pioneering investigations have demonstrated that the entire genome or chromatin from Triticeae relatives can be transferred into wheat genome through chromosome engineering （re- viewed by Qi et al., 2007）.

摘要：The acrosome reaction （AR）, an absolute requirement for spermatozoa and egg fusion, requires the influx of Ca2＋ into the spermatozoa through voltage-dependent Ca2＋ channels and store-operated channels. Maitotoxin （MTx）, a Ca2＋-mobilizing agent, has been shown to be a potent inducer of the mouse sperm AR, with a pharmacology similar to that of the zona pellucida （ZP）, possibly suggesting a common pathway for both inducers. Using recombinant human ZP3 （rhZP3）, mouse ZP and two MTx channel blockers （U73122 and U73343）, we investigated and compared the MTx- and ZP-induced ARs in human and mouse spermatozoa. Herein, we report that MTx induced AR and elevated intracellular Ca2＋ （[Ca2＋]~） in human spermatozoa, both of which were blocked by U73122 and U73343. These two compounds also inhibited the MTx-induced AR in mouse spermatozoa. In disagreement with our previous proposal, the AR triggered by rhZP3 or mouse ZP was not blocked by U73343, indicating that in human and mouse spermatozoa, the AR induction by the physiological ligands or by MTx occurred through distinct pathways. U73122, but not U73343 （inactive analogue）, can block phospholipase C （PLC）. Another PLC inhibitor, edelfosine, also blocked the rhZP3- and ZP-induced ARs. These findings confirmed the participation of a PLC-dependent signalling pathway in human and mouse zona protein-induced AR. Notably, edelfosine also inhibited the MTx-induced mouse sperm AR but not that of the human, suggesting that toxin-induced AR is PLC-dependent in mice and PLC-independent in humans.

摘要：In an industrialized world, virtually everything we are using is first designed and then manufactured. Let us use the automobile manufacturing industry as an example: engineers design vehicles based on laws of physics;select proper materials for machine parts;and assemble parts following blueprints into cars, buses, and trucks. It is evident that we need not only parts but also technical drawings and instructions for the assembly of parts into a functional pump or clutch.

摘要：Recently, engineered minichromosomes have been produced using a telomere-mediated truncation technique in some plants. However, the study on transferring genes to minichromosomes is very ***, telomere-mediated truncation was successfully performed in common wheat（Triticum aestivum）to generate stable truncated chromosomes accompanied by a relatively high frequency of chromosomal rearrangements. After the cross between transgenic parents, a promoter-less DsRed gene in a chromosome from one parent was transferred to another chromosome from the other parent at the site behind a maize ubiquitin promoter via the Cre/lox system. DsRed transcripts and red fluorescent proteins were detected in the recombinant plants. In one such seedling, transgenic signals were detected at the centric terminus of chromosome 4D and the distal terminus of chromosome 3A. Clear translocations could be detected at the transgenic loci of these two chromosomes. Intriguingly, signals of centric-specific sequences were co-localized with the translocated D-group chromosomal segment in the terminal region of chromosome 3A. Our results indicate that the Cre/lox system induces the gene swapping to the target chromosome and non-homologous chromosomal recombination simultaneously. These approaches could offer a platform to transfer large DNA fragments or even terminal chromosomal segments to other chromosomes of the natural genome.

摘要：Photosynthesis is the basis of plant productivity. There is still a big gap between the efficiency of theoretical maximal photosyn- thetic energy conversion and the efficiency realized in the field. It was estimated that for C3 plants, the theoretical maximal energy conversion efficiency is ca. 4.6%, the observed maximal season- long energy conversion efficiency is about 2.4%, while the typical season-long energy conversion efficiency is only 0.8% （Zhu et al., 2010）. Despite this, however, photosynthesis has not been effectively used as a breeding target for crop improvement so far. When plants grow under elevated CO2, the crop yields are higher, clearly showing that enhancing photosynthesis can be used to improve yields （Long et al., 2006; Zhu et al., 2010）. Two reasons underlie the failure of improving photosynthesis for greater yields. First, photosynthesis is difficult to phenotype compared with other traits such as flowering time, plant height, leaf erectness, etc.; second, canopy photosynthesis, instead of leaf photosynthesis, is related to crop biomass and yield, however, there is no effective way to measure canopy photosynthesis and to identify the factors controlling canopy photosynthetic energy conversion efficiency.

摘要：Plants are known to be efficient hosts for the production of mammalian therapeutic ***,plants produce complex N-glycans bearingβ1,2-xylose and coreα1,3-fucose residues,which are absent in *** immunogenicity and allergenicity of plant-specific Nglycans is a key concern in mammalian *** this study,we amplified the sequences of 2 plant-specific glycosyltransferases from Nicotiana tabacum *** Bright Yellow 2(BY2),which is a well-established cell line widely used for the expression of therapeutic *** expression of the endogenous xylosyltranferase(XylT)and fucosyltransferase(FucT)was downregulated by using RNA interference(RNAi)*** xylosylated and core fucosylated N-glycans were significantly,but not completely,reduced in the glycoengineered ***,these RNAi-treated cell lines were stable and viable and did not exhibit any obvious ***,this study may provide an effective and promising strategy to produce recombinant glycoproteins in BY2 cells with humanized N-glycoforms to avoid potential immunogenicity.

摘要：Rice is one of the most important staple food for over half of the world＇s population,and a substantial increase in productivity and quality of rice grain will be required to feed a growing human *** size and shape are the two important components contributing to grain yield and quality,because they impact both yield potential and end-use quality.

摘要：2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势,重大成果频出,具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈,如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中,有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外,值得一提的是,长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果"水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计"荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理,旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态,与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。

摘要：The purpose of this review is to provide medical researchers,especially those without a bioinformatics background,with an easy-to-understand summary of the concepts and technologies used in microbiome ***,we define primary concepts such as microbiota,microbiome,and ***,we discuss study design schemes,the methods of sample size calculation,and the methods for improving the reliability of *** emphasize the importance of negative and positive controls in this ***,we discuss statistical analysis methods used in microbiome research,focusing on problems with multiple comparisons and ways to compare β-diversity between ***,we provide step-by-step pipelines for bioinformatics *** summary,the meticulous study design is a key step to obtaining meaningful results,and appropriate statistical methods are important for accurate interpretation of microbiome *** step-by-step pipelines provide researchers with insights into newly developed bioinformatics analysis methods.