摘要：The engineering community has devoted much effort to understanding the response of soil-structure systems to seismic ground motions, but little attention to the effects of an outcropping fault offset. The 1999 earthquakes of Turkey and Taiwan, offering a variety of case histories of structural damage due to faulting, have （re）fueled the interest on the subject. This paper presents a methodology for design of bridges against tectonic deformation. The problem is decoupled in two analysis steps： the first （at the local level） deals with the response of a single pier and its foundation to fault rupture propagating through the soil, and the superstructure is modeled in a simplified manner; and the second （at the global level） investigates detailed models of the superstructure subjected to the support （differential） displacements of Step 1. A parametric study investigates typical models of viaduct and overpass bridges, founded on piles or caissons. Fixed-head piled foundations are shown to be rather vulnerable to faulting-dnduced deformation. End-bearing piles in particular are unable to survive bedrock offsets exceeding 10 cm. Floating piles perform better, and if combined with hinged pile-to-cap connections, they could survive much larger offsets. Soil resilience is beneficial in reducing pile distress. Caisson foundations are almost invariably successful. Statically-indeterminate superstructures are quite vulnerable, while statically-determinate are insensitive （allowing differential displacements and rotations without suffering any distress）. For large-span cantilever-construction bridges, where a statically determinate system is hardly an option, inserting resilient seismic isolation bearings is advantageous as long as ample seating can prevent the deck from falling off the supports. An actual application of the developed method is presented for a major bridge, demonstrating the feasibility of design against tectonic deformation.

摘要：In the present work, an alternative numerical methodology is developed for a fast and effective simulation and analysis of the complex flow and energy conversion in Pelton impulse hydro turbines. The algorithm is based on the Lagrangian approach and the unsteady free-surface flow during the jet-bucket interaction is simulated by tracking the trajectories of representative fluid particles at very low computer cost. Modern regression tools are implemented in a new parameterization technique of the inner bucket surface. Key-feature of the model is the introduction of additional terms into the particle motion equations to account for various hydraulic losses and the flow spreading, which are regulated and evaluated with the aid of experimental data in a Laboratory Pelton turbine. The model is applied to study the jet-runner interaction in various operation conditions and then to perform numerical design optimization of the bucket shape, using a stochastic optimizer based on evolutionary algorithms. The obtained optimum runner attains remarkably higher hydraulic efficiency in the entire load range. Finally, a new small Pelton turbine （150 kW） is designed, manufactured and tested in the Laboratory, and its performance and efficiency verify the model predictions.

摘要：Over the past few decades, earthquake engineering research mainly focused on the effects of strong seismic shaking. After the 1999 earthquakes in Turkey and Taiwan, and thanks to numerous cases where fault rupture caused substantial damage to structures, the importance of faulting-induced deformation has re-emerged. This paper, along with its companion （Part Ⅱ）, exploits parametric results of finite element analyses and centrifuge model testing in developing a four-step semi-analytical approach for analysis of dip-slip （normal and thrust） fault rupture propagation through sand, its emergence on the ground surface, and its interaction with raft foundations. The present paper （Part Ⅰ） focuses on the effects of faulting in the absence of a structure （i.e., in the free-field）. The semi-analytical approach comprises two-steps： the first deals with the rupture path and the estimation of the location of fault outcropping, and the second with the tectonically- induced displacement profile at the ground surface. In both cases, simple mechanical analogues are used to derive simplified semi-analytical expressions. Centrifuge model test data, in combination with parametric results from nonlinear finite element analyses, are utilized for model calibration. The derived semi-analytical expressions are shown to compare reasonably well with more rigorous experimental and theoretical data, thus providing a useful tool for a first estimation of near-fault seismic hazard.

摘要：In this work, fragility analysis is performed to assess two groups of reinforced concrete structures. The first group of structures is composed of buildings that implement three common design practices; namely, fully infilled, weak ground story and short columns. The three design practices are applied during the design process of a reinforced concrete building. The structures of the second group vary according to the value of the behavioral factors used to define the seismic forces as specified in design procedures. Most seismic design codes belong to the class of prescriptive procedures where if certain constraints are fulfilled, the structure is considered safe. Prescriptive design procedures express the ability of the structure to absorb energy through inelastic deformation using the behavior factor. The basic objective of this work is to assess both groups of structures with reference to the limit-state probability of exceedance. Thus, four limit state fragility curves are developed on the basis of nonlinear static analysis for both groups of structures. Moreover, the 95% confidence intervals of the fragility curves are also calculated, taking into account two types of random variables that influence structural capacity and seismic demand.

摘要：本文研究了东西伯利亚玉矿的开发史。从新石器时代起,东西伯利亚的玉就已成为需求量很大的一种矿物资源。赋存于贝加尔湖区丰富的玉石促进了当地石雕艺技的蓬勃发展。西伯利亚的玉因形成机理迥异而绚丽多彩,该区玉石成因原则上可分为"去超基性岩化型"和"去碳酸岩化型"两种不同类型。东西伯利亚的玉成为重塑当地数千年来文明发展史的标志。文章概述了东西伯利亚的玉在亚洲北部古代社会中和当代科学研究中的重要价值和意义,讨论了该种玉的天然属性对艺术品和工业品制备过程中可能出现的各种问题,展示了东西伯利亚的玉的独特魅力及其与系列化设计工艺品间的差异。

摘要：Due to the close physical interaction between human and machine in process of gait training, lower limb exoskeletons should be safe, comfortable and able to smoothly transfer desired driving force/moments to the patients. Correlatively, in kinematics the exoskeletons are required to be compatible with human lower limbs and thereby to avoid the uncontrollable interactional loads at the human-machine interfaces. Such requirement makes the structure design of exoskeletons very difficult because the human-machine closed chains are complicated. In addition, both the axis misalignments and the kinematic character difference between the exoskeleton and human joints should be taken into account. By analyzing the DOF（degree of freedom） of the whole human-machine closed chain, the human-machine kinematic incompatibility of lower limb exoskeletons is studied. An effective method for the structure design of lower limb exoskeletons, which are kinematically compatible with human lower limb, is proposed. Applying this method, the structure synthesis of the lower limb exoskeletons containing only one-DOF revolute and prismatic joints is investigated; the feasible basic structures of exoskeletons are developed and classified into three different categories. With the consideration of quasi-anthropopathic feature, structural simplicity and wearable comfort of lower limb exoskeletons, a joint replacement and structure comparison based approach to select the ideal structures of lower limb exoskeletons is proposed, by which three optimal exoskeleton structures are obtained. This paper indicates that the human-machine closed chain formed by the exoskeleton and human lower limb should be an even-constrained kinematic system in order to avoid the uncontrollable human-machine interactional loads. The presented method for the structure design of lower limb exoskeletons is universal and simple, and hence can be applied to other kinds of wearable exoskeletons.

摘要：Product innovation can be achieved by analyzing leading products patents in the *** methods have been proposed for design around patent,commonly using the elimination or replacement of a single patent element However,the existing research fails to restore the position and function of the design around object in the original patent portfolio of enterprises,which often leads to the phenomenon of evading one patent and violating *** paper proposes a method for design around patent through using the fusion of technologies of the evolution theory and bundle-type patent portfolio analysis in the initial stage of product *** object system is analyzed to select technical opportunities through the evolutionary path of technologies and functional trimming methods to achieve circumvent barriers of bundle-type *** bundle patent portfolio is analyzed for the product evolution with a radar *** technological evolution path is combined with the TRIZ innovation method to identify and solve the design *** of the new design is evaluated using the patent system rules for innovative scheme difference from the original patent *** method is verified in a case study for the design of a glass-wiping *** design solution has been patented.

摘要：An electronic speckle shearing phase-shifting pattern interferometer (ESSPPI) based on Michelson interferometer was based in this paper. A rotatable mirror driven by a step motor in one of its reflective arm is used to generate an adjustable shearing and the mirror driven by piezoelectric transducer (PZT) in the other reflective arm was used to realize phase- shifting. In the experiments, the deformation of an aluminum plate with the same extern-force on different positions and different forces on the same position is measured. Meanwhile, the phase distribution and phase-unwrap image of the aluminum plate with the extern-force on its center position is obtained by the four-step phase-shifting method.

摘要：The clay mineral composition is one of the major factors that governs the physical properties of silty sand subgrade. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of mineral composition is essential to predict the optimum engineering properties of the soil, which is generally characterized by different indices like maximum dry density （MDD）, California bearing ratio （CBR）, unconfined compressive strength （UCS） and free swelling index （FSI）. In this article, a novel multi- attribute decision making （MADM） based approach of mix design has been proposed for silty sand- artificial clay mix to improve the characteristic strength of a soil subgrade. Experimental investigation has been carried out in this study to illustrate the proposed approach of selecting appropriate proportion for the soil mix to optimize all the above mentioned engineering properties simultaneously. The results show that a mix proportion containing approximately 90% silty sand plus 10% bentonite soil is the optimal combination in context to the present study. The proposed methodology for optimal decision making to choose appropriate combination of bentonite and silty sand is general in nature and therefore, it can be extended to other problems of selecting mineral compositions.

摘要：The proposed design methodology combines data analysis, algorithmic design, linguistics, mathematics physics to analyze methodologically the complex system of the urban fabric. The implementation of this design mechanism uses the urban fabric of Eleusis as a paradigm. The urban body of Eleusis is defined as a palimpsest of descriptions and images, synthesized spatially in multiple layers and is therefore considered to be a suitable sample for the preliminary application of the proposed methodology. Urban reality can be described as a complex system as it consists of both tangible and intangible elements, the characteristics of which are quantified by the context and the logical descriptions in which they are incorporated. However, descriptive logic changes constantly, following the development of multiplicity and the extension of concepts. Therefore, the body of urban reality is redefined continuously following the change in both logical descriptions and contexts. Considering that each framework draws up an ideology and chooses to analyze its’ core meaning, a linguistic analysis tool is developed for the combination of data visualization analysis, linguistic, and design methodologies to parameterize description of logics. Written speech is transformed into networks visualizing their ontological relationships. This creates a nebula of data (cluster) that assembles the immaterial reality of the urban fabric which is then transformed into local parameters by the appropriate methodological processes giving the relation between the nebula of descriptions and the locality of the network of descriptions. The material reality of the urban fabric is described through analyzing its’ grid transformations. The infinite body1 The objective of this research focuses on the construction of reality. The term reality is linked to pragmatism and derives from the ancient Greek word “pragma” and refers to anything that can be revealed through our senses of reality is synthesized through