摘要：One of the challenges in construction of nearly and net ZEBs is how to truly achieve the nearly and net energy goals after building *** building design standards and practices are mostly based on design performance evaluation,but practices show that many designed nearly/net ZEBs failed to achieve the energy goals after building *** facilitate the practical achievement of nearly and net ZEBs,recently most of the newly-released ZEB design standards have turned to post-occupancy performance evaluation,posing great challenges to nearly and net ZEB ***,the detailed challenges have not be comprehensively investigated,and effective optimal design methods which can facilitate the achievement of nearly and net ZEBs under these standards are still *** this study,new challenges of nearly and net ZEB design under the post-occupancy performance-based design standards are fully investigated,and a risk-benefit based optimal design method is proposed to facilitate the achievement of nearly and net ZEBs under these *** newly-released ZEB standard in China is taken as an example to investigate the challenges and test the proposed *** show that nearly and net ZEBs designed using conventional design method have high risk in achieving energy goals under these standards due to high risk in satisfying the requirement regarding non-renewable primary energy consumption after building *** proposed design method is effective to facilitate achieving energy goals under these standards based on the risk that decision-makers would like to take.

摘要：固体氧化物电池将在未来可再生能源储存转换系统中占据重要位置.但SOCs受制于低耐久度的影响,目前仍需在新材料开发和工程设计方面取得进一步的突破以实现商业化.这项研究报道了一个数据驱动的粉体-能量框架(Powder-to-power framework,P2PF),通过实现从制备到长时运行的异质电极形貌演化数字化,实现了对于整个生命周期的性能预测.首先通过参数分析阐明了微结构参数对于燃料电极长期性能的内在影响机制,发现合理控制离子导电相的体积分数不仅可以有效抑制镍粗化,还是减少镍迁移引起的欧姆损失增加的关键.电极初始性能和性能衰减率是多参数耦合作用的结果.所构建代理模型被应用于多目标遗传算法以提出简单可行的耐久度优化策略.数据驱动的粉体-能量框架确定了满足不同最大运行时长要求的最佳电极制备参数,并将镍基电极的降解率从基本工况下2.132%kh^(-1)降低到0.703%kh^(-1)(最大运行时长大于50000 h).

摘要：Nickel(Ni)-based materials act as one of the most promising candidates as platinum-group-metal-free(PGM-free)electrocatalysts for hydrogen oxidation reaction(HOR)in alkaline ***,the electrocatalytic activity of pure Ni is significantly limited due to the sluggish kinetics under alkaline *** accelerate the kinetics,constructing heterostructures and nitride structures have been developed as two representative ***,we combined the two methods and presented a facile synthesis of the sheet-like Ni_(3)N/MoO_(2)in-plane heterostructures for enhanced HOR in alkaline *** to Ni or Ni_(3)N,the Ni_(3)N/MoO_(2)in-plane heterostructures exhibited a significantly increased mass activity by 8.6-fold or 4.4-fold,*** studies revealed that the enhanced activity of Ni_(3)N/MoO_(2)could be attributed to the weakened hydrogen adsorption and strengthened hydroxyl *** work provides a facile approach to design high-efficiency catalysts for hydrogen-oxidation catalysis and beyond.

摘要：Sodium metal anode holds great promise in pursuing high-energy and sustainable rechargeable batteries,but severely suffers from fatal dendrite growth accompanied with huge volume ***,a robust mixed conducting sodium metal anode is designed through incorporating Na SICON-type solid Na-ion conductor into bulk Na.A fast and continuous pathway for simultaneous transportation of electrons and Na+is established throughout the composite *** intimate contact between Na-ion conducting phase and Na metallic phase constructs abundant two-phase boundaries for fast redox ***,the compact configuration of the composite anode substantially protects Na metal from being corroded by liquid organic electrolyte for the minimization of side *** from the unique configuration,the composite anode shows highly reversible and durable Na plating/stripping *** symmetric cells exhibit ultralong lifespan for over 700 h at 1 mA cm^(-2)with a high capacity of 5 m Ah cm^(-2)and outstanding rate capability up to 8 m A cm^(-2)in the carbonate *** cells with Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)/C cathode demonstrate impressive cycling stability(capacity decay of 0.012%per cycle)and low charge/discharge polarization as *** work provides new insights into rational design and development of robust sodium metal anode through an architecture engineering strategy for advanced rechargeable sodium batteries.

摘要：[Introduction] Accurate calculation of the hydrodynamic coefficients for floating structures and the investigation of the flow field distribution around floating bodies on the marine free surface are essential for improving the engineering design and application of marine structures.[Method] This study utilized the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) approach and the Reynolds Averaged NavierStokes(RANS) method and considered the effects of viscosity and free surface interactions on the hydrodynamic behavior of floating *** employing the dynamic mesh technique,this study simulated the periodic movements of simplified three-dimensional(3D)shapes:spheres,cylinders,and cubes,which were representative of complex marine *** volume of fluid(VOF) method was leveraged to accurately track the nonlinear behavior of the free *** this analysis,the added mass and damping coefficients for the fundamental modes of motion(surge,heave,and roll) were calculated across a spectrum of frequencies,facilitating the fast determination of hydrodynamic forces and moments exerted on floating structures.[Result] The results of this study are not only consistent with the results of the 3D potential flow theory but also further reflect the role of *** method can be used for precise calculation of the hydrodynamic coefficients of floating structures and for describing the flow field of such structures in motion on a free surface.[Conclusion] The methodology presented goes beyond the traditional potential flow approach.