摘要：Aimed at the uncertain characteristics of discrete logistics network design,an interval hierarchical triangular uncertain OD demand model based on interval demand and network flow is *** consideration of the system profit,the uncertain demand of logistics network is measured by interval variables and interval parameters,and an interval planning model of discrete logistics network is *** risk coefficient and maximum constrained deviation are defined to realize the certain transformation of the *** integrating interval algorithm and genetic algorithm,an interval hierarchical optimal genetic algorithm is proposed to solve the *** is shown by a tested example that in the same scenario condition an interval solution[3275.3,3 603.7]can be obtained by the model and algorithm which is obviously better than the single precise optimal solution by stochastic or fuzzy algorithm,so it can be reflected that the model and algorithm have more stronger operability and the solution result has superiority to scenario decision.

摘要：Building exit has always been an emphasis of research in the field of *** studies on crowd flow characteristics at building evacuation bottlenecks usually focus on plane exit,but insufficient attention has been paid to the characteristics of crowd flow at the convex *** exit can be considered as such a structure like a double-bottleneck linked *** paper aims to study the influence of geometric structure characteristics of the convex exit on crowd evacuation and put forward the optimal design strategy of this structure,so as to improve the efficiency of evacuation in an *** social force model-based software,MassMotion,it is found that convex exit is indeed more efficient and safer than common plane exit in terms of evacuation time and pedestrians'congestion,especially when the desired speed is relatively higher,indicating that convex exits are more suitable for crowd evacuation in case of *** size-related parameters of convex exit are analyzed in detail,namely the width of the bottleneck at passage(W_(p)),the passage width(W),the passage length(L),and the exit width(W_(e)),to find out the optimum design of convex *** research shows that the optimal size ratio is that Wp:W:L:We equals 1.5:1.75:3.5:1,and as the overall magnification of building size and the number of pedestrians increases,the evacuation time gradually tends to a stable value,which indicates that this optimal ratio has good adaptability in size ***,based on the in-depth mechanism of pedestrian flow at the convex exit,three possible application scenarios are proposed to illustrate the feasible optimum design of the convex *** results of this study can provide new ideas for research on the structure of building exits.

摘要：The actual state of affairs of Chinese social organizations and the latest theoretical findings on the subject indicate that independence and autonomy are concepts that are interrelated but not fundamentally interchangeable; their actual organizational relationship is complex and varied. Exploration of the relationship between the two concepts is a necessary step in the construction and improvement of a rule-based interpretation of the characteristics of Chinese social organizations. Combining resource dependence theory with the institutional logics perspective enables us to analyze the multiple mechanisms influencing the relationship between independence and autonomy at the organizational level and to test for these mechanisms using a mixed methods research design. Our empirical findings indicate that social organizations gain greater autonomy when they have greater independence from government resources and when they strongly identify, structurally and behaviorally, with classical third sector theory. Organizations＇ behavioral identification can regulate the relationship between independence and autonomy. Further case studies support the value of the above findings. This shows that other mechanisms can often replace, offset or constrain the effects of resource dependence. In the real world, no single fixed theory can cover the independence-autonomy relationship.

摘要：The Leading Group for Deepening Reform Comprehensively has been set up on the decision of the CPC Central Committee to be in charge of the overall planning of reform, taking a balanced and coordinated approach, advancing reform as a whole and supervising its implementation. This means that change management has become an important item on the agenda. Systematically reviewing and examining the course of the seven rounds of institutional reform introduced by the State Council since 1978 from the perspective of change management, we find that the reforms have advanced gradually and steadily, with functional transformation as the core feature and key to each round of reform. The transformation of goverrnnent functions exhibits a marked two-phase character. The first phase focuses on change in government functions relating to economic management, while the second focuses on enhancing and improving macro-control systems to strengthen social management and public service functions. However, in terms of program design, the goalsand measures of the past 10 years＇ functional transformation have clearly not been specific enough to establish a clear relationship between the three rounds of institutional reform programs and the concrete measures and their effects. Therefore, the question of whether institutional reform itself needs reform has become a new proposition for practice, one that needs to be reviewed in terms of strategic orientation, mode of implementation, public responsibilities and overall design.

摘要：Existing research on grassroots rural governance in China adopts a network perspective to explore the role of traditional social vehicles including clans,clan clusters and popular beliefs in improving village ***,most of this research has concentrated on analyzing the way in which horizontal network relationships lead to effective village *** has thus to some extent neglected the basic reality of the overlapping interconnections between the ＂top-down＂ administrative system and the informal structure of village *** fact,an analysis that proceeds from the features of the government＇s own organizational network,the social structure of the village itself and the position of its elites in order to focus on modes of interaction within the village under the intermixture of（formal） system design and（informal） social relations,shows that differences in the composition of the government＇s promotional networks resulting from the traits of keyofficials affect the speed of policy dissemination as well as the government＇s mode of interaction with the village ***,differences in these modes of interaction further influence the subsequent operation of self-organization based on social traditions（＂filial piety＂ or ＂morality＂）.At the same time,structural elements,including the economic and social relations of the village itself,determine whether self-organization will improve the quality of governance in the long *** finding can serve as a reflection on and critique of the theories of ＂strong government＂ and ＂tradition＂ current in academia.

摘要：Ambient air pollution in China has worsened following dramatic increases in industrialization, automobile use and energy consumption. Particularly bothersome is the increase in the PM2.5 fraction of pollutants. This fraction has been associated with increasing rates of cardio-respiratory disease in China and elsewhere. Ambient pollutant levels have been described in many of China＇s cities and are comparable to previous levels in southern California. Lung cancer mortality in China has increased since the 1970s and has been higher in men and in urban areas, the exact explanation for which has not been determined. The estimation of individual risk for Chinese citizens living in areas of air pollution will require further research. Occupational cohort and casecontrol designs each have unique attributes that could make them helpful to use in this setting. Other important future research considerations include detailed exposure assessment and the possible use of biomarkers as a means to better understand and manage the threat posed by air pollution in China.

摘要：Different symbiotic scenarios were designed and combined with oyster shell pollution managementcases in two different counties(labeled A and H in this study)using symbiosis theory and a game simulation modelto investigate the conditions for realizing multiparty symbiosis in oyster shell pollution *** resultsshow that the primary condition for achieving a virtuous cycle of tripartite governance is active governance by *** realize such tripartite governance,it is necessary to reduce the cost of government regulation andchange the government's concept and value orientation;to reduce the cost of social capital contracted for participation in governance to improve the sustainability of social capital in the case of governance participation;and thevillagers’public,as the destroyer of the environment and the beneficiary of governance,should change their traditional concept of *** the traditional concept of the villagers would improve the benefits that thevillagers can obtain by participating in governance,and this should be supplemented with corresponding rewardand punishment mechanisms to increase the cost of the villagers’choice not to *** the conditions listedabove are met,the system will enter a virtuous cycle of tripartite *** on this,we hope to seek asustainable and replicable oyster shell pollution management path through the experiences of oyster shell pollutionmanagement in both A County and H County,so that we can better promote the rural revitalization strategy andrealize the construction of a beautiful China.

摘要：The interest rate ceiling control has always been a predicament that puzzles the legislation and judiciary system in China and other *** is the infrequency of reversal between civil law system and common law system:the former authorizes judges to subjectively determine whether the interest rate stipulated in the contract is suitable or not,but the latter has always relied on written legislation to set the interest rate *** and morality-based Anglo-American law interest rate ceiling control once broke down at the end of the 20th Century,but behavioral economics has re-founded a new justified basis for‘financial consumer protection’in the new century and led to legislation being *** historical change is quite similar to what happened in China,which can provide references for *** interest rate ceiling legislation in China should take the financial consumer protection as its core goal,and separate the institutions on legislation and enforcement of interest rate regulations,then gradually form a different control system of business loan and consumption loan,give judges discretion on interest rate adjustment in case,fill in the gap between civil and criminal liability by independent forfeiture procedures.

摘要：背景：在美国降脂药物已获广泛应用。但是对各种降脂药物发生肌溶解症的危险性目前尚缺乏可靠的估计。目的：对门诊情况下，不同他汀及贝特类药物（单用或联用）治疗病人肌溶解症的发生率进行估计。设计、地点及病人：根据全美11个卫生保健计划申报数据建立不同他汀和贝特类用药起始队列。人选本队列的病例为1998年1月1H至2001年6月30日人组保健计划前至少用药180天的病人。人-时间按照单药治疗或他汀-贝特类联合治疗分类。主要结局指标：每治疗10000人一年肌溶解症的发生率、所需治疗例数以及发生肌溶解症的相对危险性。结果：在252460例采用降脂药物治疗的病人中，24例于治疗期间发生住院的肌溶解症。采用阿托伐他汀、普伐他汀或辛伐他汀单药治疗平均每10000人一年肌溶解症的发生率为0．44（95％可信区间[confidence interval，CI]，0．20～0．84）；西立伐汀为5．34（95％CI，1．46～13．68）；贝特类为2．82（95％CI，0．58—8．24；P=0．056）。未用药者（unexposed person—time）肌溶解症的发生率为0（95％CI，0—0．48，P=0．56）。阿托伐他汀、普伐他汀与一种贝特联川肌溶解症的发生率增至5．98（95％CI，0．72～216．0），西立伐他汀与叭特类联用增至1035（95％CI，389—2117）。每治疗1年，发现1例肌溶解症的所需治疗例数他汀单药治疗为2272例，采用他汀和贝特类联合治疗的年龄较大的糖尿病人为484例，采用西立伐他汀加贝特类治疗的病人为9．7到12．7例。结论：采用阿托伐他汀、普伐他汀及辛伐他汀单药治疗发生肌溶解症的危险相似而且很低；联合使用他汀及贝特类者危险增加，特别是在老年糖尿病病人。西立伐他汀联合贝特类每年治疗10例即可能有1例发生肌溶解症。