摘要：Different symbiotic scenarios were designed and combined with oyster shell pollution managementcases in two different counties(labeled A and H in this study)using symbiosis theory and a game simulation modelto investigate the conditions for realizing multiparty symbiosis in oyster shell pollution *** resultsshow that the primary condition for achieving a virtuous cycle of tripartite governance is active governance by *** realize such tripartite governance,it is necessary to reduce the cost of government regulation andchange the government's concept and value orientation;to reduce the cost of social capital contracted for participation in governance to improve the sustainability of social capital in the case of governance participation;and thevillagers’public,as the destroyer of the environment and the beneficiary of governance,should change their traditional concept of *** the traditional concept of the villagers would improve the benefits that thevillagers can obtain by participating in governance,and this should be supplemented with corresponding rewardand punishment mechanisms to increase the cost of the villagers’choice not to *** the conditions listedabove are met,the system will enter a virtuous cycle of tripartite *** on this,we hope to seek asustainable and replicable oyster shell pollution management path through the experiences of oyster shell pollutionmanagement in both A County and H County,so that we can better promote the rural revitalization strategy andrealize the construction of a beautiful China.

摘要：关键点政策决策者在设计改善医疗的政策时,需要超越传统的财务激励。卫生专业人员受到一系列因素的激励,既有外在因素,也有内在因素。专注于这些其他激励措施或对激励进行组合可能更为有效。Mylène Lagarde、Luis Huicho和Irene Papanicolas探讨了政策决策者可以采取的不同政策激励医务人员改善医疗质量。

摘要：A three-year research project based in British Columbia, Canada, is attempting to develop a framework and tools to assist healthcare system decision-makers achieve “high performance” in resource allocation. In pursuit of this objective, a literature search was conducted and two phases of primary data collection are being undertaken: an online survey of senior healthcare decision-makers, and in-depth case studies of potential “high performing” organizations. This paper addresses the survey phase;our aim is to provide a practical example of the mechanics of survey design, of benefit to those who want to better understand our forthcoming results, but also as an aid to other researchers grappling with the hard choices and trade-offs involved in the survey development process. Survey content is described in light of the existing literature, with discussion of the choices made by the research team to decide what questions and items would be included and excluded. The target population for the survey was senior managers in Canadian regional health authorities (or the closest equivalent organizations) in each of the 10 provinces and 3 territories. The paper dis- cusses how this sample was obtained, and describes the survey implementation process.

摘要：实施科学是一门研究方法的学科,旨在实践和政策中促进循证干预措施的系统实施,进而改善健康。尽管实施研究需要高质量的证据,但实施策略的随机试验往往存在较为严重的局限性。这些局限性包括存在偏倚风险、缺乏理论运用、缺乏描述实施策略标准术语、局限于实施结局以及不充分报告。本文旨在对实施策略随机试验的设计、实施和报告提供指导,以提升循证实施科学。由研究人员、卫生政策制订者和实践者组成的国际小组整合了构建随机试验方法的重要文献和实施科学的最新进展。本文为实施策略随机试验的主要内容提供指导,包括试验目的阐明、试验中人员招募和保留策略、随机设计的选择、实施科学理论和框架的使用、测量(结局指标)、样本量计算、伦理审查和试验报告。本文也关注了实施试验中需要特别重视或调整的主题。为了推进实施策略随机试验的严格开展和报告,我们建议将本指南作为研究人员、卫生保健和公共卫生政策制订者或实践者、研究资助者和期刊编辑的参考资料。

摘要：研究背景既往10年，中国经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）手术量增长超过20倍。在此期间，我们面临着心血管疾病负担的日益增长以及医疗系统的不断变革，却对不同医院、不同地区和不同年份内接受PCI治疗患者的诊疗模式和结局知之甚少。方法与设计利用“冠心病医疗结果评价和临床转化研究（Patient-centered Evaluative Assessment of Cardiac Events,China PEACE）”的协作网络，回顾性经皮冠状动脉造影及介入治疗研究（以下简称ChinaPEACE回顾性CathPCI研究）将人选具有全国代表性的11900例住院期间行冠状动脉造影或PCI的病例，病例来自55家医院，于2001、2006和2011年期间住院。研究采用两阶段整群抽样设计，采用根据经济地理区域分层抽样的方法选择协作单位和患者。研究的协调中心将在病例确定、病例信息提取和数据管理的各个阶段监测数据质量。研究旨在定量评价既往十年间中国接受冠状动脉造影或PCI患者的临床特征、诊疗模式和院内结局（包括死亡、治疗引起的并发症和医疗花费）。此外，研究将进一步分析不同医院、地区及研究年份间，患者治疗模式和结局的差异。伦理审批和结果发布ChinaPEACE研究旨在将研究结果转化为改善患者诊疗和预后的临床实践。该研究的方案获得了中国国家心血管病中心伦理委员会和协作医院伦理委员会的批准。将与协作医院、政府决策部门和科研人员共享研究结果，以期促进中国医疗质量的监控和提高，并为冠状动脉造影和PCI治疗资源的高效合理配置提供可靠依据。

摘要：目的汇总11个开展家庭医疗服务的专业姑息治疗团队效应。设计进行一项回顾性队列研究的汇总分析。地点加拿大，安大略省。参与者3109名在2009-2011年接受专业姑息治疗团队医疗服务的患者（暴露组）及3109名在此期间接受常规医疗服务的患者（非暴露组）。干预措施虽然这些姑息治疗团队所在地区和规模不同，但包含了相同的核心团队成员和角色分配，即能够为患者在其家中提供综合姑息治疗的姑息治疗专科医师、护士和家庭医生，团队任务包括全天候的管理症状、给予医疗信息和治疗措施以及协调服务。主要结局测量指标患者（a）在死亡前最后2周在医院度过；（b）死亡前最后2周有过急诊；（c）在医院内死亡。结果暴露组和非暴露组中癌症患者约占80％，且78％患者接受临终家庭医疗护理服务的平均时间相同。在所有姑息治疗团队中，暴露组中分别有970（31．2％）和896（28．9％）名患者在生命最后2周住院治疗和有急诊经历，而在非暴露组，分别为1219（39．3％）和1070（34．5％）名患者（P〈0．001）。暴露组与非暴露组患者在生命终期住院和经历急诊的汇总相对危险度分别为0．68[95％可信区间（CI，0．61～0．76）]和0．77[95％CI（0．69～0．86）]。与非暴露组相比，暴露组患者选择院内死亡的更少[503（16．2％）比887（28．6％），P〈0．01]，且在医院内濒死的汇总相对危险度为0．46（0．40-0．52）。结论尽管社区专业姑息治疗团队的组成和地区不同，但均能有效降低患者临终时急诊及选择在医院内死亡比例。

摘要：The long atmospheric residence time of CO2 creates an urgent need to add atmospheric carbon drawdown to CO2 regulatory *** and systems biology(SSB),which enables manipulation of cellular phenotypes,offers a powerful approach to amplifying and adding new possibilities to current land management practices aimed at reducing atmospheric *** participants(in attendance:Christina Agapakis,George Annas,Adam Arkin,George Church,Robert Cook-Deegan,Charles DeLisi,Dan Drell,Sheldon Glashow,Steve Hamburg,Henry Jacoby,Henry Kelly,Mark Kon,Todd Kuiken,Mary Lidstrom,Mike MacCracken,June Medford,Jerry Melillo,Ron Milo,Pilar Ossorio,Ari Patrinos,Keith Paustian,Kristala Jones Prather,Kent Redford,David Resnik,John Reilly,Richard ***,Daniel Segre,Susan Solomon,Elizabeth Strychalski,Chris Voigt,Dominic Woolf,Stan Wullschleger,and Xiaohan Yang)identified a range of possibilities by which SSB might help reduce greenhouse gas concentrations and which might also contribute to environmental sustainability and *** include,among other possibilities,engineering plants to convert CO2 produced by respiration into a stable carbonate,designing plants with an increased root-to-shoot ratio,and creating plants with the ability to self-fertilize.A number of serious ecological and societal challenges must,however,be confronted and resolved before any such application can be fully assessed,realized,and deployed.

摘要：Background： Despite the rapid growth in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction （AMI） in China, there is limited information about patients＇ experiences after AMI hospitalization, especially on long-tern1 adverse events and patient-reported outcomes （PROs）. Methods： The China Patient-centered Evaluative Assessment of Cardiac Events （PEACE）-Prospective AMI Study will enroll 4000 consecutive AM I patients from 53 diverse hospitals across China and follow them longitudinally for 12 months to docunlent their treatment, recovery, and outcomes. Details of patients＇ medical history, treatment, and in-hospital outcomes are abstracted from medical charts. Comprehensive baseline interviews are being conducted to characterize patient demographics, risk factors, presentation, and healthcare utilization. As part of these interviews, validated instruments are administered to measure PROs, including quality of life, symptoms, mood, cognition, and sexual activity. Follow-up interviews, measuring PROs, medication adherence, risk factor control, and collecting hospitalization events are conducted at 1, 6, and 12 months after discharge. Supporting documents for potential outcomes are collected for adjudication by clinicians at the National Coordinating Center. Blood and urine samples are also obtained at baseline, 1 - and 12-month follow-up. In addition, we are conducting a survey of participating hospitals to characterize their organizational characteristics. Conclusion： The China PEACE-Prospective AMI study will be uniquely positioned to generate new information regarding patient＇s experiences and outcomes alter AMI in China and seiwe as a foundation for quality improveinent activities.

摘要：目的了解我国护理人员正向执业环境状况及其影响因素，以期为改善其执业环境提供依据和建议。方法采用横断面设计，于2014年7月至2015年5月对7个省/直辖市77家公立医院的5 374名护士进行正向执业环境调查，包括护患关系（外部）和组织管理（内部）2个维度。结果调查对象正向执业环境总评分为（18.51±4.69）分（满分40分），其中护患关系和组织管理的评分分别为（9.87±3.11）分和（8.64±2.51）分；综合医院的护士总评分为（18.68±4.68）分，高于中医院护士的（18.08±4.67）分，差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。多因素分析结果显示，与医院业绩考核压力小的护士相比，业绩考核压力大的护士正向执业环境评分更低（β综合医院＝－1.15, 95%CI：－1.55-－0.76; β中医院＝－1.29, 95%CI：－1.92-－0.66）;与倾听患者少的护士相比，倾听患者多的护士的正向执业环境评分更高（β综合医院＝2.43, 95%CI： 2.00-2.86; β中医院＝2.84, 95%CI： 2.19-3.49）。结论我国护理人员的正向执业环境较差，外部紧张的护患关系比内部低效的组织管理更严重。为改善护理人员的正向执业环境，医院层面需要采取适中的业绩考核，个人层面需要重视对患者的倾听。

摘要：目的探讨血管紧张素受体拮抗剂能否预防阿尔茨海默病和老年痴呆症，或同时减少两种疾病的进展。设计前瞻性队列分析。资料来源2002—2006年美国退伍军人数据库。