摘要：Two major challenges,high cost and short lifespan,have been hindering the commercialization process of lowtemperature fuel *** Wei's group has been focusing on decreasing cathode Pt loadings without losses of activity and durability,and their research advances in this area over the past three decades are briefly reviewed *** the Pt-based catalysts and the low Pt usage,they have firstly tried to clarify the degradation mechanism of Pt/C catalysts,and then demonstrated that the activity and stability could be improved by three strategies:regulating the nanostructures of the active sites,enhancing the effects of support materials,and optimizing structures of the three-phase *** Pt-free catalysts,especialiy carbon-based ones,several strategies that they proposed to enhance the activity of nitrogen-/heteroatom-doped carbon catalysts are firstly ***,an indepth understanding of the degradation mechanism for carbon-based catalysts is discussed,and followed by the corresponding stability enhancement ***,the carbon-based electrode at the micrometer-scale,faces the challenges such as low active-site density,thick catalytic layer,and the effect of hydrogen peroxide,which require rational structure design for the integral cathodic *** review finally gives a brief conclusion and outlook about the low cost and long lifespan of cathodic oxygen reduction catalysts.

摘要：It is a great challenge to develop highly active oxygen evolution reaction(OER)electrocatalysts with superior *** this study,a NiFe layered double hydroxidedecorated phosphide(NiFe LDH@CoP/NiP_(3))was constructed to display satisfactory OER activity and good stability for water splitting in alkaline *** an overpotential of 300 mV,NiFe LDH@CoP/NiP_(3) achieved a current density of 82 mA cm^(-2) for the OER,which was 9.1 and 2.3 times that of CoP/NiP_(3) and NiFe LDH,***,the reconstruction behavior,during which oxyhydroxides formed,was studied by a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy,and scanning electron microscopy.A synergistic effect between NiFe LDH and CoP/NiP_(3) was also observed for the hydrogen evolution ***,when NiFe LDH@CoP/NiP_(3) acted as both the cathode and anode for overall water splitting,a high current density of 100 mA cm^(-2) was maintained for more than 275 *** addition,under Xe light irradiation,a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 9.89% was achieved for solar-driven water *** work presents the coupling of different active compositions,and can provide a reference for designing bifunctional electrocatalysts.

摘要：Although dielectric elastomer(DE)with substantial actuated strain(AS)has been reported 20 years ago,its scientific understanding remains *** most accepted theory of DE,which is proposed in 2000,holds the view that AS of DE is induced by the Maxwell *** to this theory,materials have similar ratios of permittivity and Young’s modulus should have similar AS,while the experimental results are on contrary to this theory,and the experimental AS has no relationship with ideal ***,a new dipole-conformation-actuated strain cross-scale model is proposed,which can be generally applied to explain the AS of DE without *** to this model,several characteristics of an ideal DE are listed in this work and a new DE based on polyphosphazene(PPZ)is *** AS of PPZ can reach 84%without any *** last,a PPZ-based all soft artificial heart(ASAH)is built,which works in the similar way with natural myocardium,indicating that this material has great application potential and possibility in the construction of an ASAH for heart failure(HF)patients.