摘要：Gelman and Bloom found that adults and children's object naming was sensitive to how an object was created (man-made or not), but they did not reveal on which specific level of conceptual system this effect was. Using a free-naming task and a force-choice task, two experiments were conducted to test a hypothesis that this effect was specifically on domain level ("artifact/non-artifact" distinction). In Experiment 1, participants were asked to name shortly-depicted objects, rate their confidence, and report their reasons for each naming response. Results showed that most of the naming responses in "man-made" condition were in artifact domain, and most in "natural" condition were in non-artifact domain, although in both conditions names were very divergent on basic level. In Experiment 2, another group of participants were asked to choose one from two names (one in artifact domain and the other in non-artifact domain) to match the same shortly-depicted objects presented in the first experiment. Re-sults of Experiment 1 on domain level were replicated in Experiment 2. These convergent findings supported the hypothesis that the effect of object's origin is specifically on domain level of conceptual system of objects. Reasons explicitly reported for naming responses in Experiment 1 suggested that participants might automatically infer objects' functions in "man-made" condition but not in "natural" condition. Here the function-based hypothesis of artifacts classification is discussed.

摘要：大脑的生长发育曲线和各年龄的标准脑模版是研究个体发育异常的必要工具.本研究构建了以一岁为间隔的儿科脑模版及相应的脑发育轨线,探究了年龄和民族在儿科脑影像研究中的影响.本研究使用了来自中美共四个站点且实验设计相同的两组纵向加速儿童脑影像队列数据,对正常发育的学龄儿童间隔五个季节进行了三次磁共振扫描.我们分别构建并比较了不同民族和年龄阶段的脑模版及发育轨线.对457名和133名正常发育的中美儿童青少年进行了总计674次和190次磁共振扫描.我们评估了使用不同民族和年龄阶段的脑模版进行配准产生的形变量,并建模大脑皮层400个不同区域体积的生长曲线.分析结果表明:构建各年龄阶段和民族特异性的脑模版对于脑生长发育曲线的绘制是必要的.脑体积在不同民族间的发育差异主要体现在结构和功能上个体差异较为明显的外侧额叶和顶叶区域,使用年龄和民族相对应的脑模版可以避免在构绘脑生长曲线时由此产生的系统偏差.本研究的所有结果及分析代码均已公开.