摘要：For decades,plants have been the subject of genetic engineering to synthesize novel,value-added ***(PHAs),a large class of biodegradable biopolymers naturally synthesized in eubacteria,are among the novel products that have been introduced to make use of plant acetyl-CoA metabolic *** was hoped that renewable PHA production would help address environmental issues associated with the accumulation of nondegradable plastic ***,after three decades of effort synthesizing PHAs,and in particular the simplest form polyhydroxybutyrate(PHB),and seeking to improve their production in plants,it has proven very difficult to reach a commercially profitable rate in a normally growing *** seems to be due to the growth defects associated with PHA production and accumulation in plant ***,we review major breakthroughs that have been made in plant-based PHA synthesis using traditional genetic engineering approaches and discuss challenges that have been ***,from the point of view of plant synthetic biology,we provide perspectives on reprograming plant acetyl-CoA pathways for PHA production,with the goal of maximizing PHA yield while minimizing growth ***,we suggest genetic elements that can be considered in genetic circuit design,approaches for nuclear genome and plastome modification,and the use of multiomics and mathematical modeling in understanding and restructuring plant metabolic pathways.

摘要：Many applications in plant biology requires editing genomes accurately including correcting point mutations,incorporation of single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs),and introduction of multinucleotide insertion/deletions(indels)into a predetermined position in the *** types of modifications are possible using existing genome-editing technologies such as the CRISPR-Cas systems,which require induction of double-stranded breaks in the target DNA site and the supply of a donor DNA molecule that contains the desired edit ***,low frequency of homologous recombination in plants and difficulty of delivering the donor DNA molecules make this process extremely *** kind of technology known as base editing can perform precise editing;however,only certain types of modifications can be obtained,e.g.,C/G-to-T/A and A/T-to-G/***,a new type of genome-editing technology,referred to as“prime editing,”has been developed,which can achieve various types of editing such as any base-to-base conversion,including both transitions(C→T,G→A,A→G,and T→C)and transversion mutations(C→A,C→G,G→C,G→T,A→C,A→T,T→A,and T→G),as well as small indels without the requirement for inducing double-stranded break in the *** prime editing has wide flexibility to achieve different types of edits in the genome,it holds a great potential for developing superior crops for various purposes,such as increasing yield,providing resistance to various abiotic and biotic stresses,and improving quality of plant *** this review,we describe the prime editing technology and discuss its limitations and potential applications in plant biology research.

摘要：Global demand for food and bioenergy production has increased rapidly,while the area of arable land has been declining for decades due to damage caused by erosion,pollution,sea level rise,urban development,soil salinization,and water scarcity driven by global climate *** order to overcome this conflict,there is an urgent need to adapt conventional agriculture to water-limited and hotter conditions with plant crop systems that display higher water-use efficiency(WUE).Crassulacean acid metabolism(CAM)species have substantially higher WUE than species performing C3 or C4 *** plants are derived from C3 photosynthesis ***,it is extremely unlikely that the C3 or C4 crop plants would evolve rapidly into CAM photosynthesis without human ***,there is growing interest in improving WUE through transferring CAM into C3 ***,engineering a major metabolic plant pathway,like CAM,is challenging and requires a comprehensive deep understanding of the enzymatic reactions and regulatory networks in both C3 and CAM photosynthesis,as well as overcoming physiometabolic limitations such as diurnal stomatal *** advances in CAM evolutionary genomics research,genome editing,and synthetic biology have increased the likelihood of successful acceleration of C3-to-CAM ***,we first summarize the systems biology-level understanding of the molecular processes in the CAM ***,we review the principles of CAM engineering in an evolutionary ***,we discuss the technical approaches to accelerate the C3-to-CAM transition in plants using synthetic biology toolboxes.

摘要：A grand challenge facing society is climate change caused mainly by rising CO_(2) concentration in Earth’s *** plants are linchpins in global carbon cycling,with a unique capability of capturing CO_(2) via photosynthesis and translocating captured carbon to stems,roots,and soils for long-term ***,many researchers postulate that existing land plants cannot meet the ambitious requirement for CO_(2) removal to mitigate climate change in the future due to low photosynthetic efficiency,limited carbon allocation for long-term storage,and low suitability for the *** address these limitations,there is an urgent need for genetic improvement of existing plants or construction of novel plant systems through biosystems design(or biodesign).Here,we summarize validated biological parts(e.g.,protein-encoding genes and noncoding RNAs)for biological engineering of carbon dioxide removal(CDR)traits in terrestrial plants to accelerate land-based decarbonization in bioenergy plantations and agricultural settings and promote a vibrant ***,we first summarize the framework of plant-based CDR(e.g.,CO_(2) capture,translocation,storage,and conversion to value-added products).Then,we highlight some representative biological parts,with experimental evidence,in this ***,we discuss challenges and strategies for the identification and curation of biological parts for CDR engineering in plants.

摘要：Plants are complex systems hierarchically organized and composed of various cell *** understand the molecular underpinnings of complex plant systems,single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)has emerged as a powerful tool for revealing high resolution of gene expression patterns at the cellular level and investigating the cell-type ***,scRNA-seq analysis of plant biosystems has great potential for generating new knowledge to inform plant biosystems design and synthetic biology,which aims to modify plants genetically/epigenetically through genome editing,engineering,or re-writing based on rational design for increasing crop yield and quality,promoting the bioeconomy and enhancing environmental *** particular,data from scRNA-seq studies can be utilized to facilitate the development of high-precision Build-Design-Test-Learn capabilities for maximizing the targeted performance of engineered plant biosystems while minimizing unintended side *** date,scRNA-seq has been demonstrated in a limited number of plant species,including model plants(e.g.,Arabidopsis thaliana),agricultural crops(e.g.,Oryza sativa),and bioenergy crops(e.g.,Populus spp.).It is expected that future technical advancements will reduce the cost of scRNA-seq and consequently accelerate the application of this emerging technology in *** this review,we summarize current technical advancements in plant scRNA-seq,including sample preparation,sequencing,and data analysis,to provide guidance on how to choose the appropriate scRNA-seq methods for different types of plant *** then highlight various applications of scRNA-seq in both plant systems biology and plant synthetic biology ***,we discuss the challenges and opportunities for the application of scRNA-seq in plants.

摘要：Plants adapt to their changing environments by sensing and responding to physical,biological,and chemical *** to their sessile lifestyles,plants experience a vast array of external stimuli and selectively perceive and respond to specific *** repurposing the logic circuitry and biological and molecular components used by plants in nature,genetically encoded plant-based biosensors(GEPBs)have been developed by directing signal recognition mechanisms into carefully assembled outcomes that are easily *** allow for in vivo monitoring of biological processes in plants to facilitate basic studies of plant growth and *** are also useful for environmental monitoring,plant abiotic and biotic stress management,and accelerating design-build-test-learn cycles of plant *** the advent of synthetic biology,biological and molecular components derived from alternate natural organisms(e.g.,microbes)and/or de novo parts have been used to build *** this review,we summarize the framework for engineering different types of *** then highlight representative validated biological components for building plant-based biosensors,along with various applications of plant-based biosensors in basic and applied plant science ***,we discuss challenges and strategies for the identification and design of biological components for plant-based biosensors.

摘要：Human life intimately depends on plants for food,biomaterials,health,energy,and a sustainable *** plants have been genetically improved mostly through breeding,along with limited modification via genetic engineering,yet they are still not able to meet the ever-increasing needs,in terms of both quantity and quality,resulting from the rapid increase in world population and expected standards of living.A step change that may address these challenges would be to expand the potential of plants using biosystems design *** represents a shift in plant science research from relatively simple trial-and-error approaches to innovative strategies based on predictive models of biological *** biosystems design seeks to accelerate plant genetic improvement using genome editing and genetic circuit engineering or create novel plant systems through de novo synthesis of plant *** this perspective,we present a comprehensive roadmap of plant biosystems design covering theories,principles,and technical methods,along with potential applications in basic and applied plant biology *** highlight current challenges,future opportunities,and research priorities,along with a framework for international collaboration,towards rapid advancement of this emerging interdisciplinary area of ***,we discuss the importance of social responsibility in utilizing plant biosystems design and suggest strategies for improving public perception,trust,and acceptance.

摘要：High-precision bioengineering and synthetic biology require fine-tuning gene expression at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional *** transcription is tightly regulated by promoters and *** determine the timing,tissues and cells,and levels of the expression of *** mediate transcription termination of genes and affect mRNA levels posttranscriptionally,e.g.,the 3′-end processing,stability,translation efficiency,and nuclear to cytoplasmic export of *** promoter and terminator combination affects gene *** the present article,we review the function and features of plant core promoters,proximal and distal promoters,and terminators,and their effects on and benchmarking strategies for regulating gene expression.

摘要：Over the course of civilization,humans have increasingly expanded their freedom to live a better *** comparison with the primitive society,our modern society has many more choices of life-supporting resources,such as yearround food supply,permanent shelters,diverse energy sources,and effective preventive and curing ***,our society is currently still heavily relying on the resources provided by Mother Nature,which cannot meet the future global needs in terms of both quantity and quality under the pressure of population growth,natural resource reduction,and environmental *** example,the food sources originating from plants,animals,or microbes do not have the nutrition balance for optimal human health[1–3].Climate change and environmental deterioration threaten the food security[4–6].Increasingly,infectious diseases(e.g.,HIV/AIDS),genetic diseases(e.g.,cancer),and improper lifestyle-related disorders(e.g.,obesity)become more prevalent and remain challenging to be prevented,controlled,and *** medical technologies and modern medicine development are also meeting the ceiling.