摘要：This research was carried out in Iranian EFL （English as a foreign language） reading comprehension classes in an attempt to answer three research questions： （1） Does collaborative reading lead to greater comprehension of a text than private reading？; （2） If so, what strategies are used by the students during collaborative reading？; and （3） In what ways might these strategies contribute to the higher level of comprehension？. A quasi-experimental design was used to answer the first question. The participants were pre-tested and streamed into two classes of equal reading comprehension abilities. The intervention consisted of four texts of equal length, comprising two rated in a pilot study as conceptually difficult/linguistically easy, and two rated as conceptually easy/linguistically difficult. The subjects in each class were involved in reading the two types of texts collaboratively and privately for four sessions. After reading the text, the subjects were asked to answer in writing 10 comprehension questions. Collaborative reading resulted in consistently and significantly higher scores than private reading for all four texts. Qualitative methods were employed to answer the last two questions. Group interactions during collaborative reading were tape recorded and transcribed, and 10 students selected at random from the two classes were interviewed in depth. Analysis of the group interaction transcripts revealed that the participants were using five major strategies in co-constructing meaning from the texts. These strategies included brainstorming, clarifying the language, summarizing, paraphrasing, and interaction management. Other minor （i.e., infrequent） strategies were also identified, such as making PCU/NCU （positive/negative claim to understand）, eliciting confirmation, and confirming.

摘要：Hazard prevention in mission plans requires careful analysis and appropriate tools to support the design of preventive and/or corrective *** is most challenging in systems with large sets of states and complex state *** the case of sociotechnical systems,hazard prevention becomes even more dicult given that the behaviour of human centric components can at best be partially *** the present article we focus on a specic class of sociotechnical systems-namely air spaces containing pilot controlled as well as autonomous aircrafts and introduce the notion of relevant *** also introduce soft institutions as an appropriate basis for analysis,with the aim of addressing relevant *** concept of soft institutions is drawn from specication languages for interaction between agents in multi-agent systems but,in our case,is adapted for use in systems that combine human and automated actors.

摘要：The financial crisis in late 2008 arrested economic development in the construction sector in the Middle East, with the result that investors＇ confidence in the sector is severely depressed. Delays constitute one of the highest impediments to project success. In this respect, the traditional management is no longer sufficient for construction project success. The objective of this study is to conduct a literature review to identify additional effective measures for controlling the potential delays risks in construction projects in order to maximize the opportunities for success in those projects. Thirty-six scholarly articles published between 2000 and 2011 are reviewed to identify related MDRC （measures for delays risks control）. This survey reveals that 60% of the studies are related to decision-making, performance, risk management variations and poor management knowledge of stakeholders and that 20% of these studies are undertaken in the Middle East. A further 25% of the studies are related to the lack of financial risk by stakeholders, and of these 14% are in the Middle East. A knowledge gap is identified in terms of project performance, stakeholder management and risk management, which are seen as significant measures of success in controlling project delay.

摘要：南海的形成揭示了大陆边缘张裂和盆地形成的复杂模式,尽管已经进行了广泛研究,但是关于基底岩石和深海盆沉积层的精确年代数据还很缺乏,这使得对南海张裂年代的估计存在很大的误差,对张裂机制和历史的各种假设没有得到验证。同时只有对南海的张裂过程有了精确地分析与刻画,才能更好地理解西太平洋边缘海盆地的形成以及它们在印支块体受印度—欧亚板块碰撞而向东南挤出、青藏高原隆升中可能起到的作用。2009年正式提交的国际综合大洋钻探计划(IODP)建议书735-Full建议在南海深海盆内的4个站位上实施钻探。这4个站位分布在南海盆地4个不同的次级构造单元上(南海东北部、西北次海盆、东部次海盆和西南次海盆),这样的站位设计会确保完成本建议书的整体研究目标,即揭示南海的张裂历史和它对晚中生代以来东南亚构造的启示。位于南海盆地最东北部的站位有助于确定该区域地壳的属性和验证古南海是否存在,位于西北次海盆的站位可能会提供南海的最早张裂年代,另外2个分别位于东部次海盆和西南次海盆的站位将重点确定2个次海盆的绝对年龄、基底矿物成分与磁化率以及2个次海盆的相对张裂次序。这些站位的水深大约在2910～4400m,钻探深度预计到海底以下大约700～2200m,总的钻透深度为5959m,其中5359m穿透沉积层,另外600m或400m钻入基底。所有这些站位的位置是由已有的地球物理观测数据所确定,目前计划收集更多的地质与地球物理数据以满足IODP对井位调查数据的要求。

摘要：目的 探讨初次有记录的妊娠流产后再次妊娠的最佳时间间隔。设计 基于人群的回顾性队列研究。地点 苏格兰医院，1981年至2000年研究对象 30937名首次妊娠记录为流产的再次妊娠妇女。

摘要：背景：精神分裂症是一种常见的中度精神障碍。子宫内营养缺乏可增大患精神分裂症的危险。其主要依据来自1944～1945年荷兰饥饿冬天（Dutch Hunger Winter）研究，当时食品摄入在短期内极剧下降。这项有关饥荒期间受孕人群的大型队列研究显示，发生精神分裂症的危险增大两倍。目的：确定经受1959～1961年大饥荒的中国人是否有相似的结果。设计、地点及参试者：发生精神分裂症危险的调查于安徽省芜湖地区进行，这是当初受灾最重的地区之一。对饥荒之前、饥荒期间和饥荒以后出生的人群发病率进行比较。芜湖及其周围6个县是由一所精神病院负责的。对1971～2001年所有的精神病病历记录均进行检查。精神分裂症患者的临床和社会人口学资料由对自然灾害暴露情况不知情的研究者摘录。有关饥荒年出生人数和死亡人数的数据是有效可用的，累积死亡率根据以后的人口学调查进行估计。主要观测指标：饥荒的证据已经核实，计算未校正的以及对死亡率进行校正后的发生精神分裂症的相对危险度。结果：安徽省的出生率（每1000人）在饥荒期问降低了约80％，从1958年的28．28降至1959年的20．97、1960年的8．61和1961年的11．06。在饥荒期间出生的人，晚年发生精神分裂症的校正后危险明显增高，从1959年的0．84％增至1960年的2．15％和1961年的1．81％。死亡率校正相对危险在1960年出生者为2．30（95％可信区间，1．99～2．05），1961年出生者为1．93（95％可信区间，1．68～2．23）。结论：我们的调查重复了荷兰不同种族人群的数据，结果显示，出生前遭受饥荒可增高晚年患精神分裂症的危险。

摘要：目的对慢性胃食道反流症患者，评价以腹腔镜胃底折叠术替代药物治疗的远期疗效。研究设计多中心、临床应用性研究、随访时间为5年（包括平行的非随机选择组）。研究地点在英国21家医院招募参试者。受试者初始810名参试者，每年完成一份调查问卷。所有患者胃食管反流病病史超过1年。