摘要：Three-dimensional(3D)printing and bioprinting have come into view for a plannable and standardizable generation of implantable tissue-engineered constructs that can substitute native tissues and *** tissue-engineered structures are intended to integrate with the patient’s *** tissue engineering(TE)is relevant in TE because it supports the sustained oxygenization and nutrition of all tissue-engineered *** have a specific role,representingthenecessarymedium for printability and vascular cell *** review aims to understand the requirements for the design of vascular ***,an in-depth analysis of vascular cell interaction with their native environment must be gained.A physiological bioink suitable for a tissue-engineered vascular graft(TEVG)must not only ensure good printability but also induce cells to behave like in a native vascular vessel,including self-regenerative and growth *** review describes the general structure of vascular walls with wall-specific cell and extracellular matrix(ECM)components and biomechanical properties and ***,the physiological role of vascular ECM components for their interaction with vascular cells and the mode of interaction is *** currently available or imaginable bioinks are described from physiological matrix proteins to nonphysiologically occurring but natural chemical compounds useful for vascular *** physiological performance of these bioinks is evaluated with regard to biomechanical properties postprinting,with a view to current animal studies of 3D printed vascular ***,the main challenges for further bioink development,suitable bioink components to create a self-assembly bioink concept,and future bioprinting strategies are *** concepts are discussed in terms of their suitability to be part of a TEVG with a high potential for later clinical use.

摘要：For thermodynamically and kinetically controlled catalytic reactions,the influence of a membrane is discussed. For reactions operating near to the thermodynamic equilibrium,the conversion can be increased if one/all of the products is/are selectively removed in an extractor type membrane reactor. Examples are esterifications,dehydrogenations,and water dissociation using water,hydrogen,and oxygen selective membranes,respectively. For kinetically controlled reactions,i.e. reactions with a very negative free enthalpy,mainly the selectivity can be increased via the control of the partial pressure of the educts by dosing effects using distributor/contactor membrane reactors. Examples are partial oxidations and hydrogenations. In detail,the application of an oxygen transporting perovskite hollow fiber membrane with a nano-designed grain boundary structure in the hydrogen production by thermal water splitting and in the partial oxidation of hydrocarbons as case studies for thermodynamically and kinetically controlled reactions is discussed.

摘要：The lifespan of biological heart valve prostheses available in the market is limited due to structural alterations caused by calcium phosphate deposits formed from blood plasma in contact with the *** objective of this work is to present a comparative methodology for the investigation of the formation of calcium phosphate deposits on bioprosthetic and tissue-engineered scaffolds in vitro and the influence of mechanical forces on tissue *** on earlier investigations on biological mineralization at constant supersaturation,a circulatory loop simulating dynamic blood flow and physiological pressure conditions was *** system was appropriately adapted to evaluate the calcification potential of decellularized(DCV)and glutaraldehyde-fixed(GAV)porcine aortic *** indicated that DCV calcified at higher,statistically nonsignificant,rates in comparison with *** difference was attributed to the tissue surface modifications and cell debris leftovers from the decellularization *** analysis of the solids deposited after 20 h by scanning electron microscopy in combination with chemical microanalysis electron-dispersive spectroscopy identified the solid formed as octacalcium phosphate(Ca8(PO4)6H2·5H2O,OCP).OCP crystallites were preferentially deposited in high mechanical stress areas of the test ***,GAV tissues developed a significant transvalvular pressure gradient increase past 36 h with a calcium deposition distribution similar to the one found in explanted *** conclusion,the presented in vitro circulatory model serves as a valuable prescreening methodology for the investigation of the calcification process of bioprosthetic and tissue-engineered valves under physiological mechanical load.

摘要：本文对作者早期提出的面包酵母细胞循环模型CCM进行了改进和动态实验验证。结果表明,CCM的动态特性基本与真实过程相符。基于该模型设计的酵母流加发酵最优进料控制策略的实施结果证实,CCM能够用于酵母生产的质量控制。

摘要：基于作者早期提出的面包酵母细胞循环-代谢模型设计了3次最优控制实验,目的是使发酵终了时的带芽细胞分率FBC趋于极小值,以期提高酵母的耐贮存力。实验成功地得以实施,不仅FBC的终值接近理论上的极小值,而且样品的耐贮存力得到了明显提高。另一方面,发酵力分析结果也表明,面包酵母的质量控制将随产品种类的不同而异。如对速用型鲜酵母的生产,FBC的控制就不宜以极小化为目标。

摘要：本文主要研究了普通计算模型在结构抗火设计中的应用。计算机模拟为评价承载的组合构件的耐火极限提供了新的可能性。通过三个例子证明了计算机模拟比传统的用抗火试验的方法来进行结构抗火设计要好很多。第一个例子阐述了用于组合柱抗火设计的新的设计表格的形成 ,第二个例子是关于新型薄板梁体系的应用 。

摘要：对一个国家来说,噪声导致的失聪是一种巨大的社会和经济损失,是以前未曾遇到过的医疗卫生问题,现在这个问题有了一种解决办法。美国农业部(FDA)近年来没有批准任何预防噪声导致失聪的新产品。在美国,这类产品(包括耳塞和耳罩)的市场价值大约为2.43亿美元,其中约75%来自耳塞的销售。对听力的物理防护可以降低声压水平,但若噪声过强,这种物理防护并不能完全保证听力不受损害。而且,这类"屏蔽"方法也会损害需要通过听、说进行交流来保证的个人安全性。近十年来我们对应激、病理和年龄因素在决定细胞生存和死亡的分子和生化机制方面有了明显深入的了解和认识。我们可以确定导致细胞死亡的凋亡或坏死途径,以及对这些途径起调节作用的外部环境或内源性遗传启动因子、基因及转导因子。用这些新知识,我们开始设计新的干预方法来减轻或防止细胞死亡,使我们第一次能够预防或治疗以前不能预防或治疗的疾患,失聪即是其中一种。

摘要：In the article,“In vitro Flow Perfusion Maintaining Long-term Viability of the Rat Groin Fat Flap:A Novel Model for Research on Large-scale Engineered Tissues”,which appeared on the pages 212-7,issue 2,vol.131 of Chinese Medical Journal,[1]the author list,correspondence,and funding are changed to“Yang An1,2,Kerstin Reimers1,Christina Allmeling1,Jie-Li Liu1,Andrea Lazaridis1,Strauss Sarah1,Fang-Fei Nie2,Ze-Lian Qin2,Peter ***1.

摘要：有接触的边值问题在工业应用中是非常重要的，例如轴承、金属成形过程、钻孔、汽车的碰撞、汽车轮胎与道路间的滚动接触等均为这一类问题的例子，在人造关节和植牙等生物力学工程设计中也要考虑这个问题。本书论述当前对接触问题的理论、各种公式、算法和离散化技术，包括几何非线性技术。

摘要：南海的形成揭示了大陆边缘张裂和盆地形成的复杂模式,尽管已经进行了广泛研究,但是关于基底岩石和深海盆沉积层的精确年代数据还很缺乏,这使得对南海张裂年代的估计存在很大的误差,对张裂机制和历史的各种假设没有得到验证。同时只有对南海的张裂过程有了精确地分析与刻画,才能更好地理解西太平洋边缘海盆地的形成以及它们在印支块体受印度—欧亚板块碰撞而向东南挤出、青藏高原隆升中可能起到的作用。2009年正式提交的国际综合大洋钻探计划(IODP)建议书735-Full建议在南海深海盆内的4个站位上实施钻探。这4个站位分布在南海盆地4个不同的次级构造单元上(南海东北部、西北次海盆、东部次海盆和西南次海盆),这样的站位设计会确保完成本建议书的整体研究目标,即揭示南海的张裂历史和它对晚中生代以来东南亚构造的启示。位于南海盆地最东北部的站位有助于确定该区域地壳的属性和验证古南海是否存在,位于西北次海盆的站位可能会提供南海的最早张裂年代,另外2个分别位于东部次海盆和西南次海盆的站位将重点确定2个次海盆的绝对年龄、基底矿物成分与磁化率以及2个次海盆的相对张裂次序。这些站位的水深大约在2910～4400m,钻探深度预计到海底以下大约700～2200m,总的钻透深度为5959m,其中5359m穿透沉积层,另外600m或400m钻入基底。所有这些站位的位置是由已有的地球物理观测数据所确定,目前计划收集更多的地质与地球物理数据以满足IODP对井位调查数据的要求。