摘要：This paper aims at showing how rhetoric and meaning in zambian poetry interact. The work analyses the definition of poetry and gives the understanding that poetry is an artistic use of language that employs figurative language for maximum effect. The work also analyses rhetoric and concludes that the sole aim of rhetoric is to persuade the audience. The use of this rhetoric is later identified as a preoccupation of most poets. After studying a number of rhetorical devices used in poetry, the work has studied selected zambian poems and focussed on the use of rhyme and alliteration in the poems. It has been shown that there is much use of rhyme but with limited use of alliteration. In both cases, the use is not so much to the contribution to the meaning in the poetry. The poets usually use these devices for the sake of beauty and not meaning. The paper therefore suggests that poets could undergo some formal training in composition while the art is also taught to the young while in their early years in schools.

摘要：Despite the roll out of free life prolonging HIV and AIDS drugs in many public clinics in zambia and the well documented effects of Anti Retrovirals (ARVs) in reducing mortality among people living with HIV, some people living with HIV still abandon treatment. This study explores patient-related factors that influence adherence to the life prolonging drugs. It is hoped that such information would be useful in enhancing adherence so as to achieve the goal of ART. This information is critical considering irrefutable evidence that non-adherence to Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) can lead to drug resistance and consequently, transmission of drug resistant HIV. Drug resistant HIV is not only expensive to handle, but can lead to increased morbidity, mortality and increased incidence of HIV cases particularly, for a low income country like zambia. Methods: This paper uses data from a large mixed method study which was conducted in a rural setting. The study explored how patient-related factors influence people living with HIV in continuing taking of medication. The paper, therefore, discusses the major reasons reported by HIV infected people on ART for either being able to consistently take their medication or failing to do so. Results: Both limiting and facilitating factors were identified as influencing adherence. Among the facilitators identified were one having a reminder, feeling better after being on ART, seeing someone on ART recover, desire to live longer and disclosure of one’s positive status. The limiting factors included forgetting to take medication, non-recovery while on treatment for some time and drug fatigue. A significant association was found between adherence treatment and one having a reminder, desire to live longer and seeing someone on ART get better. Conclusion: While facilitators enhanced adherence, the barriers prevented or discouraged people on ART from continuing taking AIDS medicines as prescribed by their health care providers. In order to avoid

摘要：目的:评价儿童传播信息的效果和儿童对以学校为基础的降低结核病(TB)策略(让儿童在家庭中强调结核病症状、检验和耻辱)的态度。背景和设计:首先在赞比亚学生中开展定性研究,之后两年中加入了通过应用痰涂片镜检加强结核病早期发现的干预手段。2005年基线研究包括5个研究点38名儿童。2008年的评价研究包括4个研究点209名在校学生。学生研究包括讨论、绘画、角色扮演和叙述。结果:基线研究显示出儿童对学习结核病和人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)相关知识的热情积极,但同时也体现出儿童在与成人讨论HIV和TB的论题可能引起冲突而引发焦虑情绪。相较于基线研究此次评价研究儿童更准确地掌握TB和HIV的知识。儿童在家庭中谈论TB和HIV相关知识的积极性很高。他们的回答显示他们得到成人的允许后做这件事并得到了尊敬,尽量避免基线研究中预料到的两代间的矛盾。结论:本研究显示学生在提高病例发现中发挥作用。高负担地区的学生已经熟悉结核病相关知识,但是他们还需要关于TB和HIV之间的联系和关于抗逆转录病毒治疗等方面的更多信息。

摘要：背景:赞比亚卢萨卡大学教学医院胸科门诊及日本国际合作署分子实验室及日本长崎大学热带病学研究所内科。目的:在非洲采用两种常用PCR方法检测尿样中的分枝杆菌DNA作为肺结核快速诊断价值的评估。设计:预先收集培养阳性的肺结核病人和健康对照者的尿样进行分析。方法:收集63名培养阳性的活动性肺结核病人和63名健康对照者的尿样,从尿沉渣中提取DNA,并应用2种成熟的PCR方法,即Sechi法和Githui法鉴定结核分枝杆菌DNA,确定这二种方法的敏感性和特异性。结果:Githui法的敏感性和特异性分别是55.6％(35/63)和98.4％(62/63),Sechi法的敏感性和特异性分别为28.6％(18/63)和98.4％(62/63),63名病人中共有50名(79％)HIV血清阳性,Githui法检测尿结核分枝杆菌DNA的阳性检出率高于13名HIV阴性者的检出率(32/50=64％,3/13=23％; P=0.05)。结论:Githui法和Sechi法的敏感性均尚不足以被推荐作为临床上常规检测结核分枝杆菌DNA的方法。在非洲采用PCR方法做检测尿样中结核分枝杆菌DNA而用于临床实际仍需要进一步改善。同时,肺结核病人尿样中的分枝杆菌DNA存在与否也需进一步研究。